production problem

<body topmargin=0 leftmargin=0 marginheight=0 marginwidth=0> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0><tr> <td valign="top" colspan=2 height=90 BGCOLOR="#6666CC" TEXT="#080000" background="b8e01573.jpg"> <div> <FONT SIZE="5" COLOR="#FFFFFF" FACE="Arial" ><B>Googlegrease</B></FONT>     |     <A HREF="index.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Googlegrease">home</A>                  back to  <A HREF="hydrogen.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</A></div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <A HREF="seattle_jacksonville_rail.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Seattle Jacksonville Rail">Seattle Jacksonville Rail</A><FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FFFFFF" FACE="Symbol" >   ·   </FONT><A HREF="ny_la_high_speed_rail.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="NY LA High Speed Rail">NY LA High Speed Rail</A><FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FFFFFF" FACE="Symbol" >   ·   </FONT><A HREF="alaska_texas_railroad.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Alaska Texas Railroad">Alaska Texas Railroad</A><FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FFFFFF" FACE="Symbol" >   ·   </FONT><A HREF="alaska_china_railroad.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Alaska China Railroad">Alaska China Railroad</A><FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FFFFFF" FACE="Symbol" >   ·   </FONT><A HREF="smart_grid.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Smart Grid">Smart Grid</A><FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FFFFFF" FACE="Symbol" >   ·   </FONT><A HREF="news.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="News">News</A><FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FFFFFF" FACE="Symbol" >   ·   </FONT><A HREF="mission.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Mission">Mission</A><FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FFFFFF" FACE="Symbol" >   ·   </FONT><A HREF="contact.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Contact">Contact</A></div> <div> </div> </td> </tr><tr> <td valign="top" width=210 BGCOLOR="#6666CC" TEXT="#080000" background="aefd2013.jpg"> <div> <A HREF="alan_alda.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Alan Alda Hydrogen Hopes">Alan Alda Hydrogen Hopes</A></div> <div> <A HREF="the_hydrogen_economy.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="The Hydrogen Economy">The Hydrogen Economy</A></div> <div> <A HREF="hydrogen_links.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Top Hydrogen Links">Top Hydrogen Links</A></div> <div> <A HREF="hydrogen_associations.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Hydrogen Associations">Hydrogen Associations</A></div> <div> <A HREF="trade_links.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Hydrogen Trade Links">Hydrogen Trade Links</A></div> <div> <A HREF="pacific_northwest_national_l.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Pacific Northwest National Laboratory">Pacific Northwest National Laboratory</A></div> <div> <A HREF="hydrorail.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Mooresville Hydrail">Mooresville Hydrail</A></div> <div> <A HREF="hydrogen_train_links.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Hydrogen Train Links">Hydrogen Train Links</A></div> <div> <A HREF="hydrogen_electric_train.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="HydrogenElectric Train">Hydrogen-Electric Train</A></div> <div> <A HREF="hydrogen_rail.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Hydrogen Rail">Hydrogen Rail</A></div> <div> <A HREF="fuel_cells.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Hydrogen Fuel Cells">Hydrogen Fuel Cells</A></div> <div> <A HREF="mag_lev.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Hydrogen Mag Lev">Hydrogen Mag Lev</A></div> <div> <A HREF="hydrogen_car.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="hydrogenelectric car">hydrogen-electric car</A></div> <div> <A HREF="hydrogen_supply_service.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Hydrogen Supply Service">Hydrogen Supply Service</A></div> <div> <A HREF="transmission.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Transmission">Transmission</A></div> <div> <A HREF="end_use.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="End Use">End Use</A></div> <div> <A HREF="examples.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Examples">Examples</A></div> <div> <A HREF="calif_green_power_revolution.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Calif. green power revolution ">Calif. green power revolution </A></div> <div> <A HREF="fuel_cell_problems.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="fuel cell problems">fuel cell problems</A></div> <div> <B>production problem</B></div> <div> <A HREF="oil_data.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Oil Data">Oil Data</A></div> <bR> </td> <td valign="top" height=390 width="100%" BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#080000"> <div> Hydrogen Intermodal Transporation</div> <div> A Foundation for All Nations to Compete in the Global Economy</div> <bR> <div> <B>February 20, 2004--- Hydrogen-Electric High-Speed Train Transportation Technology</B><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > for the 21st century has arrived.</FONT></div> <div> This New Technology will lead the World into an era of Supper Fast, Safe, Reliable, Green Transnational Transportation.</div> <bR> <div> <B>Supplier of Hydrogen, Liquid or Gas</B></div> <div> Info about <B>hydrogen</B> gas at Praxair.com. Used in industries ranging from fuel cells to refining to aerospace. Learn about <B>hydrogen</B> supply at <A HREF="http://www.praxair.com" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.praxair.com">www.praxair.com</A></div> <bR> <div> <I><B>World's First Fuel Cell-Powered Train Locomotive Slated for 2008</B></I><B> </B></div> <div> MesoFuel, Inc. has been awarded a contract by Vehicle Projects LLC of Denver, CO to design and manufacture the hydrogen generator for a fuel cell-powered train locomotive. This will be the largest fuel cell powered vehicle ever built.</div> <bR> <div> This project was conceived by Vehicle Projects and completion is scheduled for 2008.</div> <div> "We selected MesoFuel to design and manufacture the ammonia-based hydrogen generation system because of the compactness and efficiency of its MesoChannel hydrogen generation systems," said Vehicle Projects LLC President Arnold Miller.</div> <bR> <div> "MesoFuel is the leader in power-dense hydrogen generation from ammonia, and the ability to process this attractive fuel was a key consideration for us." MesoFuel, along with multiple organizations, will work on the multi-million dollar project in order to produce a complete fuel cell power source that is capable of replacing diesel engines in locomotives.</div> <bR> <div> "Providing a simple, low fuel cost ammonia-based hydrogen generation system for this project is exciting because ammonia is an excellent fuel choice," said MesoFuel CEO Ned Godshall.</div> <div> "It has an extremely high volumetric energy content and is available nationwide via railcar.</div> <bR> <div> Three-quarters of all the atoms in ammonia are hydrogen atoms -- this liquid is one of the most energy-dense forms of hydrogen available -- and so is therefore ideal for the distribution and production of the hydrogen needed for hydrogen fuel cells.</div> <bR> <div> "In addition to the fuel-cell-locomotive project, fuel cells are expected to soon have numerous commercial and defense applications because they provide an efficient, zero-emission power source required for future technologically-advanced electronic systems and vehicles.</div> <bR> <div> MesoFuel products enable the on-site, on-demand production of pure hydrogen for fuel cells. The development of MesoFuel technologies have been partly funded under the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency's (DARPA) Palm Power Program and the Army Research Office.</div> <bR> <div> MesoFuel, Inc. (http://<A HREF="http://www.mesofuel.com/" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.mesofuel.com/">www.mesofuel.com</A>) of Albuquerque, NM focuses on the introduction of low-cost hydrogen generators into commercial fuel cell markets.</div> <bR> <div> Using micro- and meso-scale technology, the company produces on-site, on-demand hydrogen generators for environmentally-friendly consumer, industrial, and military fuel cell applications.</div> <bR> <div> MesoFuel has developed hydrogen generation systems that operate on a variety of fuels, including both light and heavy hydrocarbons, de-carbonized fuels such as ammonia, and renewable fuels such as soy diesel. MesoFuel provides the fuel for fuel cells.</div> <bR> <div> The production problem</div> <div> Hydrogen<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > production is a large industry. Globally, about 50 million metric tons of hydrogen are produced each year.</FONT></div> <div> However, for a hydrogen economy to emerge, current hydrogen production will not be able to satisfy a fraction of the demand. About half of worldwide hydrogen production is used by the chemical industry to produce <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" >ammonia</FONT> via the <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" >Haber process</FONT>, to make <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" >fertilizer</FONT>. Most of the remaining production is used for <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" >hydrocracking</FONT> low grade <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" >hydrocarbon</FONT> fuels into higher grade <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" >fuel</FONT>.</div> <div> There are several processes which can yield hydrogen via <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" >water splitting</FONT> using various energy sources at different efficiencies and costs. 48% of current hydrogen production is from natural gas, 30% is from oil, 18% is from coal, and electrolysis accounts for about 4%.</div> <div> Commercial bulk hydrogen is usually produced by the <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" >steam reforming</FONT> of <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" >natural gas</FONT>. At high temperatures (700–1100 °C), steam (H2O) reacts with <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" >methane</FONT> (CH4) to yield <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" >syngas</FONT>.</div> <div> CH4<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > + </FONT>H2O<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > ? </FONT>CO<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > + 3 </FONT>H2<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> Additional hydrogen can be recovered from the <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" >carbon monoxide</FONT> (CO) through the <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" >water gas shift reaction</FONT>:</div> <div> CO + H2O ? CO2 + H2 </div> <div> Essentially, the <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" >oxygen</FONT> (O) atom is stripped from the water (steam) to oxidize the <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" >carbon</FONT> (C), liberating the hydrogen formerly bound to the carbon and oxygen. The byproduct <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" >carbon dioxide</FONT> (CO2), which is a <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" >greenhouse gas</FONT>, is usually released into the atmosphere, but there is some research into interning it <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" >underground or undersea</FONT>.</div> <div> Coal<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > can be converted into syngas and methane, also known as </FONT>town gas<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >, via </FONT>coal gasification<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >.</FONT></div> <div> Electrolysis<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > is an alternative to using </FONT>fossil fuels<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > to create hydrogen. The only requirements are </FONT>electricity<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > and </FONT>water<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >. However, electricity is much more expensive per unit of energy than methane, and hence the process is anti-economic for large scale production. Research into </FONT>high-temperature electrolysis<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > may eventually lead to a viable process that is cost-competitive with natural gas steam reforming. The only additional requirement is a high temperature heat source, which may be provided by a </FONT>thermal power plant<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" >.</FONT></div> <div> There has also been research in other high-efficiency thermochemical processes such as the <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" >sulfur-iodine cycle</FONT>. Again, a high temperature heat source would be needed.</div> <div> An example of a CO2 emission-free system, possible with near-term technology, would be where <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" >concentrated solar thermal power</FONT> is used to produce hydrogen from water, using either the sulfur-iodine process or high-temperature electrolysis, and then hydrogen fuel cells would be used to produce electricity for mobile applications. Nuclear power, controversy aside, is clean, and could also provide as a heat source.</div> <div> The longer term <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" >nanotechnology</FONT> research on <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" >photosynthesis</FONT> may lead to more efficient direct solar production of hydrogen, or perhaps carbon dioxide neutral synthetic hydrocarbon fuels.</div> <bR> <div> Web Site made by: Phil Stoddard</div> <div> <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#CC0033" FACE="Times New Roman" >Do You have a question for GooleGrease</FONT>.com <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Times New Roman" ><A HREF="mailto:service@radiozx.com" TARGET="_top" TITLE="mailto:service@radiozx.com">E-mail 24/7</A></FONT>   <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#CC0033" FACE="Times New Roman" >to send an E-mail 24/7</FONT></div> <div>  <script language="JavaScript"> copyright=new Date(); update=copyright.getYear(); document.write("Copyright © 1996 -"+ update + " web master Phil Stoddard, Kodiak, Alaska All rights Reserved."); </script>  </div> <bR> <bR> <bR> </td> </tr></table></body>