Transmission

<body topmargin=0 leftmargin=0 marginheight=0 marginwidth=0> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0><tr> <td valign="top" colspan=2 height=90 BGCOLOR="#6666CC" TEXT="#080000" background="b8e01573.jpg"> <div> <FONT SIZE="5" COLOR="#FFFFFF" FACE="Arial" ><B>Googlegrease</B></FONT>     |     <A HREF="index.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Googlegrease">home</A>                  back to  <A HREF="hydrogen.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</A></div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <A HREF="seattle_jacksonville_rail.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Seattle Jacksonville Rail">Seattle Jacksonville Rail</A><FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FFFFFF" FACE="Symbol" >   ·   </FONT><A HREF="ny_la_high_speed_rail.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="NY LA High Speed Rail">NY LA High Speed Rail</A><FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FFFFFF" FACE="Symbol" >   ·   </FONT><A HREF="alaska_texas_railroad.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Alaska Texas Railroad">Alaska Texas Railroad</A><FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FFFFFF" FACE="Symbol" >   ·   </FONT><A HREF="alaska_china_railroad.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Alaska China Railroad">Alaska China Railroad</A><FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FFFFFF" FACE="Symbol" >   ·   </FONT><A HREF="smart_grid.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Smart Grid">Smart Grid</A><FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FFFFFF" FACE="Symbol" >   ·   </FONT><A HREF="news.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="News">News</A><FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FFFFFF" FACE="Symbol" >   ·   </FONT><A HREF="mission.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Mission">Mission</A><FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FFFFFF" FACE="Symbol" >   ·   </FONT><A HREF="contact.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Contact">Contact</A></div> <div> </div> </td> </tr><tr> <td valign="top" width=210 BGCOLOR="#6666CC" TEXT="#080000" background="aefd2013.jpg"> <div> <A HREF="alan_alda.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Alan Alda Hydrogen Hopes">Alan Alda Hydrogen Hopes</A></div> <div> <A HREF="the_hydrogen_economy.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="The Hydrogen Economy">The Hydrogen Economy</A></div> <div> <A HREF="hydrogen_links.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Top Hydrogen Links">Top Hydrogen Links</A></div> <div> <A HREF="hydrogen_associations.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Hydrogen Associations">Hydrogen Associations</A></div> <div> <A HREF="trade_links.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Hydrogen Trade Links">Hydrogen Trade Links</A></div> <div> <A HREF="pacific_northwest_national_l.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Pacific Northwest National Laboratory">Pacific Northwest National Laboratory</A></div> <div> <A HREF="hydrorail.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Mooresville Hydrail">Mooresville Hydrail</A></div> <div> <A HREF="hydrogen_train_links.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Hydrogen Train Links">Hydrogen Train Links</A></div> <div> <A HREF="hydrogen_electric_train.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="HydrogenElectric Train">Hydrogen-Electric Train</A></div> <div> <A HREF="hydrogen_rail.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Hydrogen Rail">Hydrogen Rail</A></div> <div> <A HREF="fuel_cells.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Hydrogen Fuel Cells">Hydrogen Fuel Cells</A></div> <div> <A HREF="mag_lev.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Hydrogen Mag Lev">Hydrogen Mag Lev</A></div> <div> <A HREF="hydrogen_car.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="hydrogenelectric car">hydrogen-electric car</A></div> <div> <A HREF="hydrogen_supply_service.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Hydrogen Supply Service">Hydrogen Supply Service</A></div> <div> <B>Transmission</B></div> <div> <A HREF="end_use.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="End Use">End Use</A></div> <div> <A HREF="examples.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Examples">Examples</A></div> <div> <A HREF="calif_green_power_revolution.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Calif. green power revolution ">Calif. green power revolution </A></div> <div> <A HREF="fuel_cell_problems.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="fuel cell problems">fuel cell problems</A></div> <div> <A HREF="production_problem.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="production problem">production problem</A></div> <div> <A HREF="oil_data.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Oil Data">Oil Data</A></div> <bR> </td> <td valign="top" height=390 width="100%" BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#080000"> <div> Hydrogen Intermodal Transporation</div> <div> A Foundation for All Nations to Compete in the Global Economy</div> <bR> <div> Hydrogen is unlikely to ever be the cheapest carrier of energy over long distances. Future advances in electrolysis and fuel cell technology will not address the underlying cost problem.</div> <bR> <div> By far the cheapest way to move energy around the planet is in the form of oil in a pipeline or supertanker, or coal on a barge or rail car. (Uranium in a high-security armored rail car is still cheaper, but unpopular.)</div> <bR> <div> Natural gas pipelines (and [liquified natural gas] tankers) are much more expensive, in comparison, which explains why natural gas from Alaska's <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" >North Slope</FONT> is currently reinjected into the ground rather than shipped to the lower 48 states where it would be worth a fortune.</div> <bR> <div> Electric power lines move energy at even higher cost than natural gas pipelines, so that power stations are generally located within a hundred miles (160 km) of the loads they serve. Long distance power lines are used to average out imbalances between local electrical supply and demand, by moving a small portion of the total electricity generated. For example, California burns an average of about 30 <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" >gigawatts</FONT> of electricity, and has a north-south transmission capacity bottleneck (the 500 kV Path 15) of 5.4 gigawatts.</div> <bR> <div> Hydrogen pipelines are unfortunately <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" >more expensive</FONT> than even long-distance electric lines. They are more expensive not just because the electrolyzers and <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" >fuel cells</FONT> cost so much, but because a pipeline carrying hydrogen is much more expensive than a wire carrying electricity.</div> <bR> <div> Hydrogen is about three times bulkier than natural gas for the same energy delivered, and hydrogen accelerates the cracking of steel (<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" >hydrogen embrittlement</FONT>), which increases maintenance costs, leakage rates, and material costs. The difference in cost is likely to expand with newer technology: wires suspended in air can utilize higher voltage with only marginally increased material costs, but higher pressure pipes require proportionally more material.</div> <bR> <div> Web Site made by: Phil Stoddard</div> <div> <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#CC0033" FACE="Times New Roman" >Do You have a question for GooleGrease</FONT>.com <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Times New Roman" ><A HREF="mailto:service@radiozx.com" TARGET="_top" TITLE="mailto:service@radiozx.com">E-mail 24/7</A></FONT>   <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#CC0033" FACE="Times New Roman" >to send an E-mail 24/7</FONT></div> <div>  <script language="JavaScript"> copyright=new Date(); update=copyright.getYear(); document.write("Copyright © 1996 -"+ update + " web master Phil Stoddard, Kodiak, Alaska All rights Reserved."); </script>  </div> <bR> <bR> <bR> </td> </tr></table></body>